Resiliencia: Recurso existencial, dinámica cultural y dimensión clínica

Contenido principal del artículo

Renato D. Alarcón

Resumen

En las últimas cuatro o cinco décadas y por una variedad de razones, la palabra “Resiliencia” y su serie de significados en diversos terrenos del ser y el quehacer humano, han ido adquiriendo creciente reconocimiento e importancia. Puede decirse que, hoy en día, Resiliencia es materia de discusión e investigaciones en ciencias naturales, sociales y biológicas y, ciertamente, en los campos de medicina y salud (Sivak, 2018b; Southwick et al., 2023). Dentro de este último, no es exagerado afirmar que Resiliencia ocupa actualmente un lugar preferente en la literatura de Salud Mental, tanto en el ámbito local o regional como en el de la llamada Salud Mental Global (Lolas, 2016; Reeck et al., 2016).

Detalles del artículo

Cómo citar
Alarcón, R. D. (2025). Resiliencia: Recurso existencial, dinámica cultural y dimensión clínica. Mente Y Cultura, 6(1), 37–46. https://doi.org/10.17711/MyC.2683-3018.2025.04

Citas

Alarcón, R.D. (Ed.). (2013). Cultural Psychiatry. Basel, Switzerland: Karger.

Alarcón, R. D. (2024). Determinantes sociales de la salud mental: retórica, realidades y esperanzas. Acta Herediana, 67(1), 19-36. https://doi.org/10.20453/ah.v67i1.5524

Alarcón, R.D., & Frank, J.B. (Eds.). (2012). The Psychotherapy of Hope: The legacy of Persuasion and Healing. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press.

Alarcón, R. D., Foulks, E. F., & Vakkur, M. (1998). Personality Disorders and Culture. Clinical and conceptual interactions. New York, NY: Wiley J & Sons.

Alayarian, A. (2019). Trauma, resilience and healthy and unhealthy forms of dissociation. Journal of Analytical Psychology, 64(4), 587-606. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5922.12522

Almeida, T. M., Generoso, I. P., Rosa, D. A. A., Pinheiro, T. B., Foletto, L. D., Jorge, G. M. T., Grilo, L. B., da Silva, U. R. L., Cordeiro, Q., & Uchida, R. R. (2024). The anti-anhedonic effects of ketamine in the treatment of resistant unipolar and bipolar depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis of current data. Journal of Affective Disorders Reports, 17, 100829. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadr.2024.100829

American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual for Mental Disorders. (5th. Edition), Text Revised (DSM-5-TR). Washington DC: APA.

American Psychological Association. (2010). The road to resilience. Washington DC: American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/helpcenter/road-resilience

Alonso, J., Mortier, P., Auerbach, R. P., Bruffaerts, R., Vilagut, G., Cuijpers, P., Demyttenaere, K., Ebert, D. D., Ennis, E., Gutiérrez-García, R. A., Green, J. G., Hasking, P., Lochner, C., Nock, M. K., Pinder-Amaker, S., Sampson, N. A., Zaslavsky, A. M., & Kessler, R. C. (2018). Severe role impairment associated with mental disorders: Results of the WHO World Mental Health Surveys International College Student Project. Depression and Anxiety, 35(9), 802-814. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22778

Arewasikporn, A., Sturgeon, J. A., & Zautra, A. J. (2018). Sharing Positive Experiences Boosts Resilient Thinking: Everyday Benefits of Social Connection and Positive Emotion in a Community Sample. American Journal of Community Psychology, 63(1-2), 110-121. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajcp.12279

Ayyub, B. M. (2013). Systems Resilience for Multihazard Environments: Definition, Metrics, and Valuation for Decision Making. Risk Analysis, 34(2), 340-355. https://doi.org/10.1111/risa.12093

Basu, D., Bhui, K., Nagpal, S., Mutiso, V., Ndetei, D., Lauwrens, Z., Hadfield, K., & Singh, S. (2020). Enhancing Resilience and Mental Health of Children and Adolescents by integrated School- and Family-based Approaches, with a Special Focus on Developing Countries: A Narrative Review and Call for Action. World Social Psychiatry, 2(1), 7. https://doi.org/10.4103/wsp.wsp_24_19

Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117(3), 497-529. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.117.3.497

Bennett, J. M., Rohleder, N., & Sturmberg, J. P. (2018). Biopsychosocial approach to understanding resilience: Stress habituation and where to intervene. Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice, 24(6), 1339-1346. https://doi.org/10.1111/jep.13052

Bhugra, D., & Bhui, K. (Eds.). (2007). Textbook of Cultural Psychiatry. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Bion, W. (1996). Volviendo a pensar. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Ediciones Horme S.A.

Blanchet, K., Nam, S. L., Ramalingam, B., & Pozo-Martin, F. (2017). Governance and Capacity to Manage Resilience of Health Systems: Towards a New Conceptual Framework. International Journal of Health Policy and Management, 6(8), 431-435. https://doi.org/10.15171/ijhpm.2017.36

Bonanno, G. A. (2012). Uses and abuses of the resilience construct: Loss, trauma, and health-related adversities. Social Science & Medicine, 74(5), 753-756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.11.022

Bonanno, G. A., & Diminich, E. D. (2012). Annual Research Review: Positive adjustment to adversity – trajectories of minimal–impact resilience and emergent resilience. Journal Of Child Psychology And Psychiatry, 54(4), 378-401. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12021

Bowlby, J. (2005). A secure base. Clinical applications of Attachment theory. New York, NY, Taylor and Francis.

Burwell-Naney, K., Wilson, S. M., Whitlock, S. T., & Puett, R. (2019). Hybrid Resiliency-Stressor Conceptual Framework for Informing Decision Support Tools and Addressing Environmental Injustice and Health Inequities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(8), 1466. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081466

Chan, Y., Hsu, W., Liao, Y., Chen, H., Tu, C., & Wu, C. (2018). Appreciation of different styles of humor: An fMRI study. Scientific Reports, 8(1), https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33715-1

Charney, D. S. (2004). Psychobiological Mechanisms of Resilience and Vulnerability. Focus, 2(3), 368-391. https://doi.org/10.1176/foc.2.3.368

Chen, B. K., & Denny, C. A. (2023). Weapons of stress reduction: (R, S)-ketamine and its metabolites as prophylactics for the prevention of stress-induced psychiatric disorders. Neuropsychopharmacology, 224, 109345. doi: 10.1016/j.neuropharm,2022.109345

Cohn, M. A., Fredrickson, B. L., Brown, S. L., Mikels, J. A., & Conway, A. M. (2009). Happiness unpacked: Positive emotions increase life satisfaction by building resilience. Emotion, 9(3), 361-368. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015952

Cosco, T. D., Howse, K., & Brayne, C. (2017). Healthy ageing, resilience and wellbeing. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences, 26(6), 579-583. https://doi.org/10.1017/s2045796017000324

Cramer, T., Kisliouk, T., Yeshurun, S., & Meiri, N. (2014). The balance between stress resilience and vulnerability is regulated by corticotropin‐releasing hormone during the critical postnatal period for sensory development. Developmental Neurobiology, 75(8), 842-853. https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22252

Crane, M. F., & Searle, B. J. (2016). Building resilience through exposure to stressors: The effects of challenges versus hindrances. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 21(4), 468-479. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0040064

Cyrulnik, B. (2001). La Maravilla del dolor. El sentido de la Resiliencia. Barcelona, España: Granica.

Davydov, D. M., Stewart, R., Ritchie, K., & Chaudieu, I. (2010). Resilience and mental health. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(5), 479-495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2010.03.003

Oldham, J. M., Skodol, A. E., & Bender, D.S. (Eds.). (2005). Textbook of Personality Disorders. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.

de Figueiredo, J. M., & Frank, J. D. (1982). Subjective incompetence, the clinical hallmark of demoralization. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 23(4), 353-363. https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-440x(82)90085-2

de Figuereido, J. M. (2007). Demoralization and psychotherapy. A tribute to Jerome D. Frank, MD, PhD (1909-2005). Psychother Psychosom, 76, 129-133. https://www.jstor.org/stable/48510998

de Figuereido, J. M., & Gostoli, G. (2013). Culture and demoralization in Psychotherapy. En: R. D., Alarcón (Ed.). Cultural Psychiatry (pp. 75-87). Basel, Switzerland: Karger.

Echezarraga, A., Calvete, E., González‐Pinto, A., & Las Hayas, C. (2017). Resilience dimensions and mental health outcomes in bipolar disorder in a follow‐up study. Stress and Health, 34(1), 115-126. https://doi.org/10.1002/smi.2767

Elbau, I. G., Cruceanu, C., & Binder, E. B. (2019). Genetics of Resilience: Gene-by-Environment Interaction Studies as a Tool to Dissect Mechanisms of Resilience. Biological Psychiatry, 86(6), 433-442. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.025

Ellis, B. H., & Abdi, S. (2017). Building community resilience to violent extremism through genuine partnerships.. American Psychologist, 72(3), 289-300. https://doi.org/10.1037/amp0000065

Epstein, R. M., & Krasner, M. S. (2013). Physician Resilience. Academic Medicine, 88(3), 301-303. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0b013e318280cff0

Fossion, P., & Linkowski, P. (2007). The relevance of the concept of Resiliency in the field of Psychiatry. Revue medicale de Bruxelles, 28(1), 33-38.

Frederickson, B., Cohn, M. A., Coffey, K. A., Pek, J., & Finkel, S. M. (2008). Open hearts build lives: positive emotions, induced through loving-kindness meditation, build consequential personal resources. Journal of personality and social psychology, 95(5), 1045-1062.

Friedberg, A., & Malefakis, D. (2018). Resilience, Trauma, and Coping. Psychodynamic Psychiatry, 46(1), 81-113. https://doi.org/10.1521/pdps.2018.46.1.81

Gallo, L. C., Penedo, F. J., Espinosa de los Monteros, K., & Arguelles, W. (2009). Resiliency in the Face of Disadvantage: Do Hispanic Cultural Characteristics Protect Health Outcomes?. Journal of Personality, 77(6), 1707-1746. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00598.x

García‐Izquierdo, M., Meseguer de Pedro, M., Ríos‐Risquez, M. I., & Sánchez, M. I. S. (2017). Resilience as a Moderator of Psychological Health in Situations of Chronic Stress (Burnout) in a Sample of Hospital Nurses. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 50(2), 228-236. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12367

Glantz, M. D., & Sloboda, Z. (1999). Analysis and reconceptualization of Resilience. En M.D., Glantz, & J. L., Johnson (Eds), Resilience and Development: Positive life adaptations (pp. 2-17). New York, NY: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Press.

Goud, N. H. (2005). Courage: Its Nature and Development. The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education and Development, 44(1), 102-116. https://doi.org/10.1002/j.2164-490x.2005.tb00060.x

Güngör, D., & Perdu, N. (2017). Resilience and acculturative pathways underlying psychological well-being of immigrant youth. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 56, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2016.10.005

Hanson, R., & Hanson, F. (2018). Resilient. How to grow an unshakable core of calm, strength and happiness. New York, NY: Harmony Books.

Hirsch, E. (1982). The concept of Identity. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Hodgson, D., McDonald, J. L., & Hosken, D. J. (2015). What do you mean, ‘resilient’?. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 30(9), 503-506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2015.06.010

Horn, S. R., & Feder, A. (2018). Understanding Resilience and Preventing and Treating PTSD. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 26(3), 158-174. https://doi.org/10.1097/hrp.0000000000000194

Iasiello, M., van Agteren, J., Keyes, C. L., & Cochrane, E. M. (2019). Positive mental health as a predictor of recovery from mental illness. Journal of Affective Disorders, 251, 227-230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.03.065

Insel, T., Cuthbert, B., Garvey, M., Heinssen, R., Pine, D. S., Quinn, K., Sanislow, C., & Wang, P. (2010). Research Domain Criteria (RDoC): Toward a New Classification Framework for Research on Mental Disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 748-751. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2010.09091379

Jakovljevic, M. (2018). Empathy, sense of coherence and Resilience: Bridging personal, public and Global Mental Health and conceptual synthesis. Psychiatria Danubina, 30(4), 380-384. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2018.380

Jowell, A., Wulfovich, S., Kuyan, S., & Heaney, C. (2018). Ethnic identity, resilience, and well-being: a study of female Maasai migrants. International Journal of Public Health, 63(6), 703-711. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-018-1124-4

Layne, C. M., Warren, J. S., Watson, P. J., & Shalev, A. Y. (2007). Risk, vulnerability, resistance and resilience: toward an integrative conceptualization of posttraumatic adaptation. En T. K. M., Friedman, & P,. Resick (Eds.) Handbook of PTSD. Science and Practice, (pp. 497-520). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Lehr, D., Kunzler, A., Helmreich, I., Behrendt, D., Chmitorz, A., & Lieb, K. (2018). Internetbasierte Resilienzförderung und Prävention psychischer Erkrankungen. Der Nervenarzt, 89(7), 766-772. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00115-018-0532-2

Liddell, J., & Ferreira, R. J. (2018). Predictors of Individual Resilience Characteristics Among Individuals Ages 65 and Older in Post-Disaster Settings. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 13(02), 256-264. https://doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2018.52

Liriano, F., Hatten, C., & Schwartz, T. L. (2019). Ketamine as treatment for post-traumatic stress disorder: a review. Drugs in Context, 8, 1-7. https://doi.org/10.7573/dic.212305

Lolas, F. (2016). Salud Mental Globa: perspectivas socioculturales y éticas. Acta bioethica, 22(1), 7-8. https://doi.org/10.4067/s1726-569x2016000100001

Martin-Soelch, C., & Schnyder, U. (2019). Editorial: Resilience and Vulnerability Factors in Response to Stress. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 10, https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00732

Masten, A.S. (2014). Ordinary magic: Resilience in development. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Masten, A. S. (2013). Global Perspectives on Resilience in Children and Youth. Child Development, 85(1), 6-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12205

Masten, A. S. (2018). Resilience Theory and Research on Children and Families: Past, Present, and Promise. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 10(1), 12-31. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12255

McAllister, M., Knight, B. A., Hasking, P., Withyman, C., & Dawkins, J. (2017). Building resilience in regional youth: Impacts of a universal mental health promotion programme. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 27(3), 1044-1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/inm.12412

Mochizuki, J., Keating, A., Liu, W., Hochrainer‐Stigler, S., & Mechler, R. (2017). An overdue alignment of risk and resilience? A conceptual contribution to community resilience. Disasters, 42(2), 361-391. https://doi.org/10.1111/disa.12239

Morgan, C. A., Wang, S., Southwick, S. M., Rasmusson, A., Hazlett, G., Hauger, R. L., & Charney, D. S. (2000). Plasma neuropeptide-Y concentrations in humans exposed to military survival training. Biological Psychiatry, 47(10), 902-909. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(99)00239-5

Morgan, C. A., Rasmusson, A. M., Wang, S., Hoyt, G., Hauger, R. L., & Hazlett, G. (2002). Neuropeptide-Y, cortisol, and subjective distress in humans exposed to acute stress: replication and extension of previous report. Biological Psychiatry, 52(2), 136-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01319-7

Niitsu, K., Houfek, J. F., Barron, C. R., Stoltenberg, S. F., Kupzyk, K. A., & Rice, M. J. (2017). A Concept Analysis of Resilience Integrating Genetics. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 38(11), 896-906. https://doi.org/10.1080/01612840.2017.1350225

O'Connor, D. B., Branley-Bell, D., Green, J. A., Ferguson, E., O'Carroll, R. E., & O'Connor, R. C. (2021). Resilience and vulnerability factors influence the cortisol awakening response in individuals vulnerable to suicide. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 142, 312-320. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.08.006

Oshri, A., Topple, T. A., & Carlson, M. W. (2017). Positive Youth Development and Resilience: Growth Patterns of Social Skills Among Youth Investigated for Maltreatment. Child Development, 88(4), 1087-1099. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12865

Ozbay, F., Fitterling, H., Charney, D., & Southwick, S. (2008). Social support and resilience to stress across the life span: A neurobiologic framework. Current Psychiatry Reports, 10(4), 304-310. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-008-0049-7

Panter-Brick, C. (2014). Health, risk and resilience: Interdisciplinary concepts and applications. Annual Review of Anthropology, 43, 431-448.

Patriarca, R., Di Gravio, G., Costantino, F., Falegnami, A., & Bilotta, F. (2018). An Analytic Framework to Assess Organizational Resilience. Safety and Health at Work, 9(3), 265-276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.shaw.2017.10.005

Mosqueiro, B. P., da Rocha, N. S., & Fleck, M. P. D. A. (2015). Intrinsic religiosity, resilience, quality of life, and suicide risk in depressed inpatients. Journal of Affective Disorders, 179, 128-133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2015.03.022

Peterson, C., & Seligman, M. E. (2004). Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and Classification, (Vol. 1.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

Polizzi, C., Lynn, S. J., & Perry, A. (2020). Stress and Coping in the Time of Covid-19: Pathways to Resilience and Recovery. Clinical neuropsychiatry, 17(2), 59–62. https://doi.org/10.36131/CN20200204

Precious, D., & Lindsay, A. (2018). Mental resilience training. Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps, 165(2), 106-108. https://doi.org/10.1136/jramc-2018-001047

Reeck, C., Ames, D. R., & Ochsner, K. N. (2016). The Social Regulation of Emotion: An Integrative, Cross-Disciplinary Model. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 20(1), 47-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2015.09.003

Saurí, J. J. (1989). Persona y Personalización. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Carlos Lohlé S.A.

Seery, M. D., Holman, E. A., & Silver, R. C. (2010). Whatever does not kill us: Cumulative lifetime adversity, vulnerability, and resilience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 99(6), 1025-1041. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0021344

Selvaraj, P. R., & Bhat, C. S. (2018). Predicting the mental health of college students with psychological capital. Journal of Mental Health, 27(3), 279-287. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638237.2018.1469738

Shim, R. S., & Compton, M. T. (2018). Addressing the Social Determinants of Mental Health: If Not Now, When? If Not Us, Who? Psychiatric Services, 69(8), 844-846. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.201800060

Silbaugh, B., & Winchester-Silbaugh, J. (1998). Physician resiliency? Physician Executive, 24(4), 30-32.

Simeon, D., Yehuda, R., Cunill, R., Knutelska, M., Putnam, F. W., & Smith, L. M. (2007). Factors associated with resilience in healthy adults. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 32(8-10), 1149-1152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.08.005

Sivak, R. (Ed.). (2018a). Resiliencia: De las neurociencias a las redes sociales. Buenos Aires, Argentina: Librería Akadia Editorial

Sivak, R. (2018b). Factores biopsicosociales en Resiliencia: Evaluación y valor predictivo. En R., Sivak (Ed.), Resiliencia: De las neurociencias a las redes sociales (pp. 119-134), Buenos Aires, Argentina: Librería Akadia Editorial.

Southwick, S. M., Litz, B. T., Charney, D. S., & Friedman, M. J. (2011). Resilience and Mental Health. Challenges across the lifespan. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Southwick, S. M., & Charney, D. S. (2012). Resilience: The science of mastering life’s greatest challenges. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.

Southwick, S. M., Douglas-Palumberi, H., Pietrzak, R. H., & et al. (2014). Resilience. Handbook of PTSD: Science and Practice (2nd Ed., pp. 590-606). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Southwick, S. M., Bonanno, G. A., Masten, A. S., Panter-Brick, C., & Yehuda, R. (2014). Resilience definitions, theory, and challenges: interdisciplinary perspectives. European Journal of Psychotraumatology, 5(1), https://doi.org/10.3402/ejpt.v5.25338

Southwick, S. M., Satodiya, R., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2016). Disaster Mental Health and Positive Psychology: An Afterward to the Special Issue. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(12), 1364-1368. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22418

Spake, M., & Thompson, E. C. (2013). Managing Resilience by Creating Purpose. Frontiers of Health Services Management, 30(2), 14-24. https://doi.org/10.1097/01974520-201310000-00003

ten Hove, J., & Rosenbaum, P. (2018). The concept of resilience in childhood disability: Does the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health help us? Child: Care, Health and Development, 44(5), 730-735. https://doi.org/10.1111/cch.12590

Traub, F., & Boynton-Jarrett, R. (2017). Modifiable Resilience Factors to Childhood Adversity for Clinical Pediatric Practice. Pediatrics, 139(5), e20162569. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-2569

Tsirigotis, K., & Łuczak, J. (2017). Resilience in Women who Experience Domestic Violence. Psychiatric Quarterly, 89(1), 201-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11126-017-9529-4

Uriarte Arciniega, J. de D. (2005). La Resiliencia. Una nueva perspectiva en psicopatología del desarrollo. Revista de Psicodidáctica, 10(2), 61-79.

Walker, L. (2009). The Battered Woman Syndrome. New York, NY: Springer.

Werneburg, B. L., Jenkins, S. M., Friend, J. L., Berkland, B. E., Clark, M. M., Rosedahl, J. K., Preston, H. R., Daniels, D. C., Riley, B. A., Olsen, K. D., & Sood, A. (2018). Improving Resiliency in Healthcare Employees. American Journal of Health Behavior, 42(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.5993/ajhb.42.1.4

Wolin, S. J., & Wolin, S. (1993). The Resilient Self: how survivors of troubled families rise above adversity. New York, NY: Villard Books.

World Health Organization (2022). International Classification of Diseases, (11th. Ed.), Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.

Wu, Q., Ge, T., Emond, A., Foster, K., Gatt, J., Hadfield, K., Mason-Jones, A., Reid, S., Theron, L., Ungar, M., & Wouldes, T. (2018). Acculturation, resilience, and the mental health of migrant youth: a cross-country comparative study. Public Health, 162, 63-70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.puhe.2018.05.006

Yehuda, R., Flory, J. D., Southwick, S., & Charney, D. S. (2006). Developing an Agenda for Translational Studies of Resilience and Vulnerability Following Trauma Exposure. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1071(1), 379-396. https://doi.org/10.1196/annals.1364.028

Yehuda, R., Bierer, L. M., Pratchett, L. C., & Pelcovitz, M. (2010). Using biological markers to inform a clinically meaningful treatment response. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1208(1), 158-163. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-6632.2010.05698.x